Equity Administration

Equity administration is the ongoing operational work of maintaining the cap table and managing equity-related processes. It covers processing equity transactions, managing vesting and 409A valuations, generating legal documents, supporting employee questions, ensuring securities compliance, and providing equity data for board meetings, financings, audits, and exits. It's the invisible operational discipline that keeps the cap table accurate as the company grows.

The activities:

Cap table maintenance:

• Record every equity transaction.
• Reconcile cap table software with stockholder records.
• Maintain accurate ownership percentages.

Option grants:

• Board approval workflow.
• Generate grant agreements.
• Send to employees for signature.
• Track exercise status and vesting.

Vesting tracking:

• Track vesting for all option grants and restricted stock.
• Calculate vested vs. unvested at any point.
• Handle accelerated vesting events.

Exercises:

• Process option exercises.
• Calculate strike price payments.
• Issue stock certificates or update cap table.
• Track tax withholding for NSOs.

409A valuations:

• Coordinate annual 409A valuations.
• Handle triggered valuations.
• Update strike prices for new grants.

Securities filings:

• Form D for Regulation D offerings.
• Rule 701 filings for employee equity.
• State blue sky filings.
• Form 4 (insider trading) if applicable.

Employee equity support:

• Answer employee questions about grants.
• Provide grant documents.
• Coordinate exercises.
• Educate on tax implications.

Documentation:

• Maintain board consents for all equity actions.
• Stock certificates and ledgers.
• Equity-related contracts and agreements.

The lifecycle of equity admin:

Pre-seed/seed (founders + first hires):

• Founder typically handles directly.
• Cap table software (Carta, Pulley).
• Outside counsel for major transactions.

Series A-B (10-50 employees):

• CFO or finance lead handles part-time.
• Cap table software fully operational.
• Counsel for documentation.

Series C-D (50-200 employees):

• Dedicated equity admin role or shared with finance.
• Stock plan administrator title common.
• Counsel for complex transactions only.

Late stage / pre-IPO (200+ employees):

• Dedicated equity admin team.
• Often outsourced to stock plan services (Carta, Solium, etc.).
• Tight integration with payroll and HRIS.

Common admin challenges:

Spreadsheet drift: maintaining cap table in spreadsheets accumulates errors.

Missed grants: granting options without proper board approval or documentation.

Vesting errors: incorrect vesting calculations create disputes.

409A timing: missing 409A renewals creates IRS exposure on subsequent grants.

Securities violations: missing Form D or state filings.

Employee confusion: poor communication about equity creates retention and trust issues.

What good equity admin looks like:

Single source of truth: cap table software, not spreadsheets.

Rigorous process: every transaction documented, every grant board-approved.

Compliance discipline: securities filings on time.

Employee transparency: portal access, clear communication, education.

Audit-readiness: organized records ready for diligence.

What founders get wrong: Treating equity admin as occasional task rather than ongoing discipline, then facing painful cleanup at diligence or IPO. The right discipline: cap table software, rigorous process, scale resources with company.

Related: Cap Table Software · Cap Table · Option Grant · 409A Valuation · SOC 2 Compliance

FAQ

What is equity administration?
The ongoing operational work of maintaining the company's cap table, processing equity transactions (grants, exercises, transfers), managing vesting and 409A valuations, generating legal documents, ensuring securities compliance, and supporting employee equity questions.

Who handles equity administration?
Founders or finance staff at early-stage (often through Carta or Pulley software). Dedicated equity admin or stock plan administrator at Series B-C. Dedicated team or outsourced at later-stage. The role grows with the company.

What are common equity admin pitfalls?
Maintaining cap table in spreadsheets (accumulates errors), missed grants without proper board approval, vesting calculation errors, missed 409A renewals, missed securities filings (Form D, blue sky), and poor employee communication about equity.